Evaluation of Apple Store Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Evaluation of Apple Store - Assignment Example This makes the reader interested to know the various items found in the apple store. The article has described apple commodities as those which as combined with technology and are easy to use. By touching on the issue of technology most readers, both young and old will like to know more about the commodity because the world is technology oriented. Â  The article has used amazing pictures for advertising apple commodities. Readers are likely to have the first-hand experience and understand the commodities found in an apple store. The article has also explained how the commodities are used and in case of difficulties, they have illustrated how to get a solution to the problem. The language applied to this piece of writing is simple and easy to understand since it explains everything in details. A subdivision in subtopics prepares the reader for what he is reading under the subtopic. Â  The article has used bright colors in its pictures that are appealing. This makes a reader interested to read on what is being offered in the apple store. It is one strategy for advertising apple products. The background of the picture is also bright; hence, readers do not have to strain while reading the article. Pictures are large enough to pass the intended message clearly (Apple store, Pp 8). The pictures are put at the center for customers get a clear illustration of apple commodities. Â  The article has done a tremendous job of explaining how apple commodities work. They have clearly illustrated to the reader how an individual makes a movie through the iPhones. This is captivating to teenage readers since they are interested in this kind of staff. This is a strategy of catching the attention of a larger population (Apple store, Pp 9). The article has used a technique where pictures change constantly to show the diversity of the apple store commodity.

Foundations of Mythology Essay Example for Free

Foundations of Mythology Essay Myths have been a great part of history, from the very moment humans roamed the green marble we call Earth. Therefore, mythology has become just as relevant in attempting to answer lifes greatest questions as any scientific method. Myths have shaped our world from the very beginning to the world we live in today. We will explore the common meaning of myth versus the academic meaning of myth, what are some of the common mythological themes, and the relationship between belief, knowledge, mythology, and religion. Myth is a word commonly used to describe a widely held but false belief or idea, (Google, 2014). As an example, when someone says thats a myth, they are commonly referring to something being false, untrue, or nonfactual. It is in this context that the majority of the population would use and have used the word myth. In an academic context, a myth is an ancient narrative that attempts to answer the enduring and fundamental human questions, (Leonard McClure, 2004, pg. 1). I would define a myth as a statement or  event that is believed in without factual basis. Just because the facts elude us, does not make something untrue or false, merely unproven. If something remains unproven, it should not be considered or perceived as false. After all, if it is not proven to be false, it does not make it true and vice versa. The most common mythological themes are of creation, the birth of order, and secretion themes. Many diverse culture around the globe address such similar and universal themes because they are all attempting to answer the most profound questions. Questions that deal with our existence, the existence of all around us, as well as what occurs upon the death of our bodies. These themes tend to cover the creation of all that exists, the order and mechanics of everything, and why things are the way they are. One commonly overlooked creation myth is that of the big bang theory. There is no factual data that indicates that the big bang occurred millions of years ago, or that it occurred at all, let alone that it will repeat the cycle of condensing all material into a sphere (the size of a period on this page, up to marble sized which is the source of another debate). Truth is that there is more data that points to a young earth, solar system, and universe than there is for millions of years (Creation Today, 2010). There exists an intertwining relationship between belief, knowledge, mythology, and religion whether or not we acknowledge it. Many religions are based on mythology and those in practice of such religions must believe in the knowledge attained from and passed on by centuries of practitioners prior to them. For example, a Buddhist believes he or she will reincarnate to a higher or lower social class depending on their behavior during their current life. This cycle is repeated until enlightenment is attained. This is based on the mythology of Buddha that has become a religion, which millions of people around the globe believe to be truth based on the writings of Buddha himself and the knowledge of all those who came after him. It is this intersection of belief, knowledge, mythology, and religion that has helped countless of people cope with fear of death, or fears in general, with poverty, injustice, suffering, and the unknown. Mythology is still relevant in todays contemporary culture. Although, the word mythology is not commonly used synonymous with religious beliefs, mythology has shaped the modern social cultures. The majority of people have a religious point of view, whether they believe in a god, many gods, or none at all. It is these belief systems that help them to deal with the unknown, hardships in life, and death. Science has been making leaps and bounds in recent years. Nevertheless, modern science cannot pretend to know half of everything, but given that it did know half of everything, is it not possible to have a creator that dwelled in the half we do not know? I dare to comment that it is quite possible, even more so, that it is inevitable. References Creation Today. (2010, May 12). The age of the earth. Retrieved from http://creationtoday.org/seminar-part-1-the-age-of-the-earth/ Google. (2014). Google search. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=mythsafe=off Leonard, S., McClure, M. (2004). _Myth knowing: An introduction to world mythology_. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Fundamental Concepts Of Ethernet Technology Information Technology Essay

Fundamental Concepts Of Ethernet Technology Information Technology Essay In this module, we will discuss the fundamental concepts of networking, Ethernet technology, and data transmission in Ethernet networks. Module Objectives At the end of this module, you will be able to: Explain the seven network layers as defined by the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference model Describe, at a high level, the history of Ethernet List physical layer characteristics of Ethernet Explain the difference between half-duplex and full-duplex transmission in an Ethernet network Describe the structure of an Ethernet frame Explain how networks can be extended and segmented using various Ethernet devices, including hubs and switches Describe how frames are forwarded in an Ethernet network Explain, at a high level, how Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) function Network Fundamentals This section provides a brief overview of Local Area Network (LAN) technology. We will discuss LAN architecture from a functional perspective. A network is commonly divided into seven functional layers referred to as the OSI Reference model. In addition, we will briefly discuss the use of addressing in LANs. Instructor Note Point out that this section only touches briefly on LAN concepts, and students may want to explore LAN technology in more depth on their own. Network Layers A complete LAN implementation involves a number of functions that, in combination, enable devices to communicate over a network. To understand how Ethernet fits into this overall set of functions, we can use the OSI Reference model. The OSI Reference model was developed in 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Instructor Note You can introduce the discussion of the OSI Reference model by comparing analysis of the model to peeling an onion. Shown in Figure 1-1, the OSI Reference model defines seven functional layers that process data when data is transmitted over a network. When devices communicate over a network, data travels through some or all of the seven functional layers. The figure shows data being transmitted from Station A, the source, to Station B, the destination. The transmission begins at the Application layer. As data (referred to as the payload) is transmitted by Station A down through the layers, each layer adds its overhead information to the data from the layer above. (The process of packaging layer-specific overhead with the payload is referred to as encapsulation discussed later in this course.) Upon reaching the Physical layer, the data is placed on the physical media for transmission. The receiving device reverses the process, unpackaging the contents layer by layer, thus allowing each layer to effectively communicate with its peer layer. Ethernet operates at Layer 2, the Data Link layer. Using Figure 1-1 as a reference, we will briefly discuss what occurs at each layer. Figure 1-1: The OSI Reference Model Application Layer The Application layer, Layer 7 (L7), is responsible for interacting with the software applications that send data to another device. These interactions are governed by Application layer protocols, such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Presentation Layer The Presentation layer, Layer 6 (L6), performs data translation, compression, and encryption. Data translation is required when two different types of devices are connected to each other, and both use different ways to represent the data. Compression is required to increase the transmission flow of data. Encryption is required to secure data as it moves to the lower layers of the OSI Reference model. Session Layer The Session layer, Layer 5 (L5), is responsible for creating, maintaining, and terminating communication among devices. A session is a logical link created between two software application processes to enable them to transmit data to each other for a period of time. Logical links are discussed later in this course. Transport Layer The Transport layer, Layer 4 (L4), is responsible for reliable arrival of messages and provides error checking mechanisms and data flow controls. The Transport layer also performs multiplexing to ensure that the data from various applications is transported using the same transmission channel. Multiplexing enables data from several applications to be transmitted onto a single physical link, such as a fiber optic cable. The data flow through the Transport layer is governed by transmission protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which are beyond the scope of this course. Network Layer The Network layer, Layer 3 (L3), is responsible for moving data across interconnected networks by comparing the L3 source address with the L3 destination address. The Network layer encapsulates the data received by higher layers to create packets. The word packet is commonly used when referring to data in the Network layer. The Network layer is also responsible for fragmentation and reassembly of packets. Data Link Layer The Data Link layer, Layer 2 (L2), responds to requests sent by the Network layer and sends service requests to the Physical layer. The Data Link layer is responsible for defining the physical addressing, establishing logical links among local devices, sequencing of frames, and error detection. The Ethernet frame is a digital data transmission unit on Layer 2. The word frame is commonly used when referring to data in the Data Link layer. The Data Link layer has been subdivided into two sub-layers: Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC). LLC, defined in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.2 specification, manages communications among devices over a link. LLC supports both connection-oriented (physical, ex an Ethernet switch) and connectionless (wireless, ex a wireless router) services. The MAC sub-level manages Ethernet frame assembly and dissembly, failure recovery, as well as access to, and routing for, the physical media. This will be discussed in more detail in this module. Physical Layer The Physical layer, Layer 1 (L1), performs hardware-specific, electrical, and mechanical operations for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the link among communicating network systems. The Physical layer is responsible for transmitting the data as raw bits over the transmission media. Now that we have reviewed the OSI Reference model, lets discuss addressing of network devices. Stations Network devices that operate at the Data Link layer or higher are referred to as stations. Stations are classified as either end stations or intermediate stations. End stations run end-user applications and are the source or final destination of data transmitted over a network. Intermediate stations relay information across the network between end stations. A characteristic of stations is that they are addressable. In the next section, we discuss the specifics of addressing. Addressing Each device in an Ethernet network is assigned an address that is used to connect with other devices in the network. This address is referred to as the MAC address and is typically a permanent address assigned by the device manufacturer. Addressing is used in the network to identify the source station and the destination station or stations of transmitted data. As shown in Figure 1-2, the MAC address consists of 48 bits (6 bytes), typically expressed as colon-separated, hexadecimal pairs. Figure 1-2: MAC Address Structure The MAC address consists of the following: Individual / Group (I/G) Bit: For destination address, if the I/G bit = 0, the destination of the frame is a single station. This is referred to as a unicast address. If the I/G bit = 1, the destination is a group of stations. This is referred to as a multicast address. In source addresses, the I/G bit = 1. Universal / Local (U/L) Bit: The U/L bit identifies whether the MAC address is universally unique (U/L bit = 0) or only unique in the LAN in which it is located. Vendor-assigned MAC addresses are always universally unique. A locally unique MAC address is assigned by the network administrator. Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI): This typically identifies the network equipment manufacturer. OUIs are assigned to organizations by the IEEE. To locate information on the OUI associated with a manufacturer go to the following website: http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/oui/index.shtml Vendor-Assigned Bits: These bits are assigned by the vendor to uniquely identify a specific device. Following is an example of a MAC address: 00:1B:38:7C:BE:66 Later in this module, we discuss how MAC addresses are used in Ethernet networks. Introduction to Ethernet Ethernet is an internationally-accepted, standardized LAN technology. It is one of the simplest and most cost-effective LAN networking technologies in use today. Ethernet has grown through the development of a set of standards that define how data is transferred among computer networking devices. Although several other networking methods are used to implement LANs, Ethernet remains the most common method in use today. While Ethernet has emerged as the most common LAN technology for a variety of reasons, the primary reasons include the following: Ethernet is less expensive than other networking options. Easy is easy to install and provision the various components. Ethernet is faster and more robust than the other LAN technologies. Ethernet allows for an efficient and flexible network implementation. History of Ethernet Ethernet was invented in 1973 by Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Ethernet was originally designed as a high-speed LAN technology for connecting Xerox Palo Alto graphical computing systems and high-speed laser printers. In 1979, Xerox ® began work with Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and Intel ® to develop a standardized, commercial version of Ethernet. This partnership of DEC, Intel, and Xerox (DIX) developed Ethernet Version 1.0, also known as DIX80. Further refinements resulted in Ethernet Version 2, or DIX82, which is still in use today. Project 802 In 1980, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) formed Project 802 to create an international standard for LANs. Due to the complexity of the technology and the emergence of competing LAN technologies and physical media, five working groups were initially formed. Each working group developed standards for a particular area of LAN technology. The initial working groups consisted of the following: IEEE 802.1: Overview, Architecture, Internetworking, and Management IEEE 802.2: Logical Link Control IEEE 802.3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Media Access Control (MAC) IEEE 802.4: Token Bus MAC and Physical (PHY) IEEE 802.5: Token Ring MAC and PHY Additional working groups have since been added to address other areas of LAN technology. The standards developed by these working groups are discussed as we move through this course. However, lets look at IEEE 802.3, which addresses standards specific to Ethernet. IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3 was published in 1985 and is now supported with a series of supplements covering new features and capabilities. Like all IEEE standards, the contents of supplements are added to the standard when it is revised. Now adopted by almost all computer vendors, IEEE 802.3 consists of standards for three basic elements: The physical media (fiber or copper) used to transport Ethernet signals over a network MAC rules that enable devices connected to the same transmission media to share the transmission channel Format of the Ethernet frame, which consists of a standardized set of frame fields We will discuss the transmission media used in Ethernet networks, the MAC rules, and the Ethernet frame later in this module. Instructor Note Tell the class that we will discuss the transmission media used in Ethernet networks, the MAC rules, and the Ethernet frame later in this module. You can briefly explain the differences among LANs, WANs, and MANs to the students. Ethernet Transmission Fundamentals This section covers basic fundamentals of data transmission on Ethernet networks. Specifically, we will cover the following topics: Physical layer characteristics Communication modes Ethernet frames Repeaters and hubs Ethernet bridges and switches Multilayer switches and routers Ethernet Virtual LANs (VLANs) Ethernet beyond the LAN Physical Layer Characteristics Our discussion of physical layer characteristics covers both the physical media over which network communications flow and the rate at which communications occur. In fact, the nomenclature for the various types of Ethernet is based on both of these characteristics. The Ethernet type is referred to in the following format: n-BASE-phy, such as 10BASE-T where: n is the data rate in megabits per second (Mbps). BASE indicates that the media is dedicated to only Ethernet services. phy is a code assigned to a specific type of media. A variety of media and transmission rates are available for Ethernet networks. The major media types used today are: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) copper cable Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) copper cable Fiber optic cables The IEEE 802.3 standard identifies the following types of media for an Ethernet connection: 10BASE2: Defined in IEEE 802.3a, 10BASE2 Ethernet uses thin wire coaxial cable. It allows cable runs of up to 185 meters (607 feet). A maximum of 30 workstations can be supported on a single segment. This Ethernet type is no longer in use for new installations. 10BASE-T: Defined in IEEE 802.3i, 10BASE-T uses UTP copper cable and RJ-45 connectors to connect devices to an Ethernet LAN. The RJ-45 is a very common 8-pin connector. Fast Ethernet: Defined in IEEE 802.3u, Fast Ethernet is used for transmission at a rate of 100 Mbps. It includes 100BASE-TX, which uses UTP copper cable. With this type of cable, each segment can run up to 100 meters (328 feet). Another media option specified in this standard is 100BASE-FX, which uses optical fiber supporting data rates of up to 100 Mbps. Gigabit Ethernet (GbE): Defined in IEEE 802.3z, GbE uses fiber for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of 1000 Mbps or 1 Gbps. GbE includes 1000BASE-SX for transmission over Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF), and 1000BASE-LX for transmission over Single-Mode Fiber (SMF). The differences between Multi-Mode and Single-Mode are the physical makeup of the fiber itself and the light source that is normally used multi-mode normally uses an LED while single-mode uses a laser. Multi-mode has limited distance capability when compared to single-mode. 1000BASE-T: Defined in IEEE 802.3ab, 1000BASE-T provides GbE service over twisted pair copper cable. 10 GbE: Defined in IEEE 802.3ae, 10 GbE transmits Ethernet frames at data rates up to 10 Gbps. Communication Modes Ethernet can operate in either of two communication modes, half-duplex or full-duplex. Ethernet MAC establishes procedures that all devices sharing a communication channel must follow. Half-duplex mode is used when devices on a network share a communication channel. Full-duplex mode is used when devices have no contention from other devices on a network connection. Lets discuss each of these modes in more detail. Half-Duplex Mode As shown in Figure 1-3, a device operating in half-duplex mode can send or receive data but cannot do both at the same time. Originally, as specified in the DIX80 standard, Ethernet only supported half-duplex operation. Figure 1-3: Half-Duplex Transmission Half-duplex Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD protocol to control media access in shared media LANs. With CSMA/CD, devices can share media in an orderly way. Devices that contend for shared media on a LAN are members of the same collision domain. In a collision domain, a data collision occurs when two devices on the LAN transmit data at the same time. The CSMA/CD protocol enables recovery from data collisions. With CSMA/CD, a device that has data to transmit performs carrier sense. Carrier sense is the ability of a device to monitor the transmission media for the presence of any data transmission. If the device detects that another device is using the transmission media, the device waits for the transmission to end. When the device detects that the transmission media is not being used, the device starts transmitting data. Figure 1-4 shows how CSMA/CD handles a data collision. When a collision occurs, the transmitting device stops the transmission and sends a jamming signal to all other devices to indicate the collision. After sending the jamming signal, each device waits for a random period of time, with each device generating its own time to wait, and then begins transmitting again. Figure 1-4: CSMA/CD Operation Full-Duplex Mode In the full-duplex communication mode, a device can send and receive data at the same time as shown in Figure 1-5. In this mode, the device must be connected directly to another device using a Point-to-Point (P2P) link that supports independent transmit and receive paths. (P2P is discussed later in this course.) Figure 1-5: Full-Duplex Transmission Full-duplex operation is restricted to links meeting the following criteria: The transmission media must support the simultaneous sending and receiving of data. Twisted pair and fiber cables are capable of supporting full-duplex transmission mode. These include Fast Ethernet, GbE, and 10 GbE transmission media. The connection can be a P2P link connecting only two devices, or multiple devices can be connected to each other through an Ethernet switch. The link between both devices needs to be capable of, and configured for, full-duplex operation. CSMA/CD is not used for full-duplex communications because there is no possibility of a data collision. And, since each device can both send and receive data at the same time, the aggregate throughput of the link is doubled. (Throughput is the amount of data that can be transmitted over a certain period of time.) Ethernet Frames Lets discuss another fundamental aspect of Ethernet transmission the Ethernet frame. The Ethernet frame is used to exchange data between two Data Link layer points via a direct physical or logical link in an Ethernet LAN. The minimum size of an Ethernet frame is 64 bytes. Originally, the maximum size for a standard Ethernet frame was 1518 bytes; however, it is now possible that an Ethernet frame can be as large as 10,000 bytes (referred to as a jumbo frame). As shown in Figure 1-6, an Ethernet frame consists of the following fields: (NOTE: The first two fields are added/stripped at Layer 1 and are not counted as part of the 1518 byte standard frame.) Preamble: This 7-byte field establishes bit synchronization with the sequence of 10101010 in each byte. Start Frame Delimiter: This 1-byte field indicates the start of the frame at the next byte using a bit sequence of 10101011. Destination MAC Address: This field contains the MAC hardware address of the Ethernet frames destination. Source MAC Address: This field contains the MAC hardware address of the device sending the frame. Type / Length: The specific use of this field depends on how the frame was encapsulated. When type-encapsulation is used, the field identifies the nature of the client protocol running above the Ethernet. When using length-encapsulation, this field indicated the number of bytes in the Data field. The IEEE maintains a list of accepted values for this field, the list may be viewed at: http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/ethertype/ Data: This field contains the data or payload that has been sent down from Layer 3 for packaging to Layer 2. Frame Check Sequence (FCS): This 32-bit field is used for checking the Ethernet frame for errors in bit transmission. FCS is also known as Cyclical Redundancy Check (CRC). Figure 1-6: Ethernet Frame Now that we have defined the basic structure of an Ethernet frame, lets see how we can use the destination MAC address to create three different types of Ethernet frames. Unicast Frames An Ethernet frame intended for a single device on the network is a unicast frame. An example is shown in Figure 1-7. In this example, Station A is transmitting an FTP request to a specific FTP server on the network. The destination MAC address in the frames being sent for this request is the MAC address assigned to the FTP server by its manufacturer. Therefore, these frames are unicast frames, only intended specifically for one device on the network, the FTP server. Figure 1-7: Unicast Frame Transmission Multicast Frames Multicast is a mechanism that provides the ability to send frames to a specific group of devices on a network one sender to all who are set to receive. This is done by setting a frames destination MAC address to a multicast address assigned by a higher level protocol or application. However, devices must be enabled to receive frames with this multicast address. An example of multicast frames is shown in Figure 1-8. In this example, the video server is transmitting the same video channel, via an Ethernet switch, to a group of video display devices on the network. The destination MAC address is the multicast address assigned by the video application. The receiving stations are configured to accept Ethernet frames with this multicast address. Figure 1-8: Multicast Frame Transmission Broadcast Frames Broadcasting is a mechanism for sending data in broadcast frames to all the devices in a broadcast domain. A broadcast domain is defined as a set of devices that can communicate with each other at the Data Link layer. Therefore, in a network that does not include higher layer devices, all of the network devices are in the same broadcast domain. In broadcast frames, the hexadecimal destination MAC address is always ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff which, in binary notation, is a series of 48 bits, each set to a value of 1. All devices in the broadcast domain recognize and accept frames with this destination MAC address. Instructor Note Be sure that students understand hexadecimal vs. binary notation, but do not take this topic beyond the scope of this course. Since broadcasting reaches all devices within a broadcast domain, Ethernet can use this capability to perform various device setup and control functions. This is a very useful feature, allowing implementation and growth of a LAN with little intervention from a network administrator. Figure 1-9 shows a broadcast transmission in which Station A is transmitting frames with this broadcast destination MAC address. All devices in the same broadcast domain as Station A receive and process the broadcast frames. Figure 1-9: Broadcast Frame Now that we have covered some basic concepts for LANs and Ethernet transmission, lets continue by discussing how devices on Ethernet LANs are connected. Instructor Note Check the existing knowledge of students on the differences among switches, hubs, routers, and gateways. Initiate a discussion around the differences among these devices and their suitability to different applications. Repeaters and Hubs A very simple LAN topology consists of network devices that are all connected directly to a shared medium as shown in Figure 1-10. If we need to connect more devices to the LAN, we are limited by the characteristics of the shared media. Devices such as repeaters and hubs can be used to overcome distance limitations of the media, allowing the reach of the network to be extended. Figure 1-10: Simple LAN Topology Repeaters are Physical layer devices that regenerate a signal, which effectively allows the network segment to extend a greater distance. As shown in Figure 1-11, we can use the additional segment length to add more devices to the LAN. Keep in mind that devices added through implementation of repeaters are still in the same collision domain as the original devices. This results in more contention for access to the shared transmission media. Such devices are in little use today. Figure 1-11: LAN Extended with a Repeater As shown in Figure 1-12, hubs can also be used to extend the distance of a LAN segment. Hubs are Layer 1 (physical) devices. The advantage of a hub versus a repeater is that hubs provide more ports. Increased contention for media access still exists since the additional devices connected to the hub(s) are still in the same collision domain. Figure 1-12: LAN Extended with a Hub Ethernet Bridges and Switches Ethernet bridges and switches are Layer 2 (Data Link) devices that provide another option for extending the distance and broadcast domain of a network. Unlike repeaters and hubs, bridges and switches keep the collision domains of connected LAN segments isolated from each other as shown in Figure 1-13. Therefore, the devices in one segment do not contend with devices in another segment for media access. Figure 1-13: LAN Extended with an Ethernet Switch Frame Forwarding with Ethernet Switches As Layer 2 devices, Ethernet switches make frame-forwarding decisions based on source and destination MAC addresses. One of the processes used in making these decisions is MAC learning. To make efficient use of the data pathways that are dynamically cross connected within an Ethernet switch, the switch keeps track of the location of as many active devices as its design allows. When an Ethernet frame ingresses (enters) a switch, the switch inspects the frames source address to learn the location of the sender and inspects the destination address to learn the location of the recipient. This knowledge is kept in a MAC address table. Figure 1-14 shows an example of a MAC address table. As long as the sender remains connected to the same physical port that their MAC address was learned on, the switch will know which port to forward frames to that are destined for that particular senders address. Figure 1-14: MAC Address Table MAC address information stored in a MAC address table is not retained indefinitely. Each entry is time stamped; and if no activity is sensed for a period of time, referred to as an aging period, the inactive entry is removed. This is done so that only active devices occupy space in the table. This keeps the MAC address table from overloading and facilitates address lookup. The default aging period is typically five minutes. Figure 1-15 shows how an Ethernet switch forwards frames based on entries in the MAC address table. The forwarding process consists of the following steps: Inspect the incoming frames MAC destination address: If the MAC destination address is a broadcast address, flood it out all ports within the broadcast domain. If the MAC destination address is a unicast address, look for it in the MAC address table. If the address is found, forward the frame on the egress (exit) port where the NE knows the device can be reached. If not, flood it. Flooding allows communication even when MAC destination addresses are unknown. Along with multicast, which is actually a large set of special-purpose MAC addresses, network traffic can be directed to any number of devices on a network. Inspect the incoming frames MAC source address: If the MAC source address is already in the MAC address table, update the aging timer. This is an active device on the port through which it is connected. If the MAC source address is not currently in the MAC address table, add it in the list and set the aging timer. This is also an active device. Periodically check for MAC address table entries that have expired. These are no longer active devices on the port on which they were learned, and these table entries are removed. If a device is moved from one port to another, the device becomes active on the new ports MAC table. This is referred to as MAC motion. An Ethernet switch will purposely filter (drop) certain frames. Whether a frame is dropped or forwarded can depend on the switch configuration, but normal switch behavior drops any frame containing a destination address that the switch knows can be reached through the same port where the frame was received. This is done to prevent a device from receiving duplicate frames. Figure 1-15: Frame-Forwarding Process A MAC Learning and Broadcast Domain Analogy Mail Delivery Consider this following analogy to understand the concept of MAC learning and broadcast domain: Consider a situation where your friend wants to send you a birthday party invitation (the invitation represents an Ethernet frame). You and your friend live on the same street (the street represents a broadcast domain). However, there is a problem. Your friend does not know your house address so she writes her return (source) address on the birthday party invitation card and writes the street name as your (destination) address. Your friend drops the envelope in her mail box (your friends mail box represents a LAN) as shown in Figure 1-16. Figure 1-16: Broadcast Analogy, Part 1 When the mail carrier picks up the mail, he notices that the destination address is unknown. The postman goes to a copier and makes enough copies so that he can deliver one copy to each possible destination address on the street. This would mean every house on the street, except for your friends house, will get a copy of the invitation. After the postman has delivered the envelopes to all the houses (this process is analogous to a broadcast transmission), you receive the birthday party invitation and recognize your name on the envelope. So, you open the envelope and read the invitation. Figure 1-17: Broadcast Analogy, Part 2 All of your neighbors receive copies of the same envelope, but they see that the name is not theirs so they simply discard it. After reading the invitation, you send a thank you card back to your friend with your friends address; and you include a return (source) address. The postman sees that this envelope has a specific destination address so it can be delivered without broadcasting. It also has a source address, so the postman now knows your address. It is now possible to exchange mail directly with your friend without broadcasting letters to your neighbors. In other words, you can communicate using unicast transmission. If you and your friend were on different streets (broadcast domains), you would have never received your invitation card; and communication could have never occurred. Multilayer Switches and Routers In this course, our discussion of switching focuses on switching at the Data Link level since Ethernet is a Layer 2 technology. However, switching can also be

Attending High School Essay -- Education Papers, high school experienc

High School Do you remember your high school days? High school for me has proved to be a learning experience and also a challenge. There are many lessons that can be learned. You can learn more about yourself, who your friends are, what kind of help is offered to you, and what your strengths and your weaknesses are. Attending High School helped build my confidence because my classmates were supportive, my teachers taught me how to study for tests, and the math tutors helped me overcome my fear of math. My classmates were supportive in many ways. I used to attend study groups for the subjects that I was struggling in. In these meetings with each other,we would study our notes and review the chapters that we would be tested on. My classmates would also tutor one another in subjects that they were strong in and others were weak in. My classmates would even talk and try to comfort me when I was having personal problems and help me get my priorities straight that took place outside of school. So without my clas...

Research, Analysis and Preservation of Archaeological Sites and Remains Essay

If humans were to suddenly disappear from the earth, roots and weeds would heave up sidewalks and roads. Poison ivy would crawl up walls, and structures of buildings would collapse and deteriorate. Earthquakes, tsunamis, fires or other natural disasters wipe away towns and cities. Insects, vermin, and rats invade and break materials down until the jungle ultimately swallows towns and cities completely. Within a few thousand years civilization would vanish without a trace. However, when civilization vanishes from a group of boys the process of the boys returning back to our animal instincts takes some only a couple of days. In William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies, Ralph would be most fitted as leader of these savages because he remains fixed on the main goal, he is assertive, and the boys chose him. A critical part of being a leader in strategy and execution because a leader has to set a goal and then follow through in completing their goal. When the boys crash they are faced with an immediate concern of being rescued, and Ralph faces this problem head on and announces, â€Å"If a ship comes near the island they may not notice us. So we must make smoke on top of the mountain† (Golding 30). Although it may seem simple enough the boy lose sight of their desire to be rescued and accept their savage lives on the island. Ralph persistently stresses the importance of the fire until he sounds like a broken record and even still, the boys cannot match his same urgency. In a conversation with Piggy he portrays his frustration, â€Å"If someone threw you a rope when you were drowning. If a doctor said take this because if you don’t take it you’ll die – you would, wouldn’t you?† (Golding 139). Ralph compares drowning and dying to their life on the island and symbolizes the rope and the pill as the equivalent of the fire. In his comparison it seems undeniable that the fire is the only way to be rescued. This was the main goal ever since the beginning and Ralph further displays his ability to lead above all others because, throughout all the chaos and disturbances, he is the only one who remains fixed on the central mission of returning home. Jack could claim he is a more worthy leader since he provides meat and feasts from his skillful hunting. However, not long after the boys arrive on the island, a ship passes and Jack leaves to hunt, abandoning his duty of keeping the fire burning causing it to go out. Piggy and Ralph scold Jack on his lack of accountability exclaiming, â€Å"You and your blood, Jack Merridew! You and your hunting! We might have gone home† (Golding 70). Jack continues on to generate excuses and eventually apologize, all the same, this mistake is inexcusable. The boys could have been rescued right the n and there and avoided the deaths and trauma later to come. Jack’s lack of responsibility and desire to go home is detrimental to his argument as chief. Ralph, on the other hand, understands the fire is the most important thing and follows through on ensuring it is done. Ralph is assertive, which is key in leadership because a chief must be strong to set limits and stand firm in holding them. At the time when the fire goes out, Ralph demands the boys to build a new fire and then stands assertively atop the mountain so, â€Å"No one, not even Jack, would ask him to move and in the end they had to build the fire three yards away and in a place not really as convenient† (Golding 73). Ralph’s decision to stand on the mound of ashes and refuse to move is symbolic because he made it clear to everyone he was in authority, including Jack who became powerless to him. Ralph is the symbol of strength and dominance and is the right leader for the boys on the island. Piggy, could present a valid argument that he has a higher intellect, therefore would make a better leader. As Ralph contemplates multiple pressing issues pertaining to being chief of the island, he is forced to stretch his mind beyond any way he has had to think before, he had to adjus t his values, â€Å"Piggy could think. He could go step by step inside that fat head of his, only Piggy was no chief† (Golding 103). No matter how intelligent Piggy is, he will always be an outsider because of his fat, his asthma, and his cowardice personality. Piggy, despite his brains, does not have the assertiveness, charisma, or respect of others like Ralph, to be chief. Ralph should be the leader on the island because the boys chose him, which gives him authority because a leader is made up of followers and they chose to follow him. The boys vote on a chief and when Ralph’s name is brought up, â€Å"Every hand outside of the choir except Piggy’s was raised immediately. Then Piggy, too, raised his hand grudgingly into the air,† then the votes were counted and he was declared chief and, â€Å"The circle of boys broke into applause† (Golding 22-23). The boys voting for him as chief is a critical part of him being a leader because the boys chose him. He gained their votes and, as a result, they are more likely to take him seriously as a leader, respect him, and listen to his orders. Jack may argue that Ralph does not have the same qualifications and experience as him to be chief because he has prior experience being the leader of the choir. However, Jack’s self-importance and leadership quality is more of a negative at tribute than a positive one, â€Å"I ought to be chief,† said Jack with simple arrogance, â€Å"because I’m chapter chorister and head boy. I can sing C sharp† (Golding 22). As the leader of the choir, Jack is used to being obeyed in an oppressive, tyrannic way. Even the choir, voted for Jack out of dreary obedience. This made it all the more important that Ralph was chosen in a Democratic process, because it was revealed that Ralph’s stillness, was a more likable quality then Jack’s self-righteousness. A chief must be able to attain the starting mission, have strength and boldness, and be chosen by their followers. Ralph, through all the challenges facing him, maintains these qualities and is, therefore, the fitting leader of the boys. Without humans, it is a matter of time before the earth returns to its original form. Similarly without law and order, it is a matter of time before human’s turn back to their primitive instincts. Thus emphasizing how easily human nature is tempted and the way one must strive to continue doing right.

Teacher Evaluation Initiative Example

Teacher Evaluation Initiative Example Teacher Evaluation Initiative – Article Example Section/# Article Rebuttal Ultimately, there are two main reasons behind why the teacher evaluation programs that are currently being proposed should not be put into effect. The first reason has to do with the fact that the testing of teachers is ultimately yet another metrics and milestones that these already overburdened teachers will have to fulfill. Rather than dedicating their time to promoting the needs of the individual student, teachers will instead be forced to take their time as a function of passing bureaucratic red tape and continuing the profession have already dedicated months not years of their lives to fulfilling (Vara-Orta, 2014). Secondly, another reason behind why the teacher evaluation should not be effected has to do with the fact that it will ultimately not be put in place to the same degree and extent in each and every school jurisdiction. For instance, the article itself indicate the fact that several schools within Texas had already been exempt from several o f the Department of Education’s programs; some of which related to reforms that date as far back as the George W Bush presidency. Within such a manner of understanding, the reader can easily understand the fact that creating a litany of federal and state metrics by which teacher should be assessed will only open further loopholes by which some districts and teachers will be left ungraded. Ultimately, the strength of the system is noted in the similarity of approach; not in the fact that certain districts and/or teachers might be able to get a waiver from these standards. ReferenceVara-Orta,  F. (2014, March 15). State drafting new way to evaluate educators - San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved from expressnews.com/news/education/article/State-drafting-new-way-to-evaluate-educators-5321016.php

How To Make Friends Influence People at Work

How To Make Friends Influence People at Work It’s important to have friends and to be the kind of person people want to be friends with. It’s arguably even more important to make friends among your coworkers. First of all, work is a great place to make adult friends after college. And it’s also a great way to become a part of the company culture. You might even start to look forward to going to work every day. Here are 10  tips on how to make more friends and influence people in the workplace and in life:1. Use NamesSaying people’s names is easy, and if you work it into your normal speaking patters, it will  really make an impact. People love hearing their own names. It’s like you’re personalizing generic small talk with every use.2. Don’t be MercenaryDon’t make friends with everyone, and don’t make friends with people because you want to get something out of them. Ulterior motives won’t serve you in the long run. Put your effort and energy into people yo u would want to socialize with outside of work. And don’t go too gung-ho too fast or you’ll scare potential buddies off with your over exuberance.3. Be YourselfYou don’t want to get into a situation where you’re afraid to befriend certain colleagues on certain social media platforms. Keep it consistent. Have a policy and stick with it. The easiest thing? Just be yourself. At the office, at home, and across your social media profiles. Don’t say anything online you wouldn’t be comfortable having all of your friends see.4. Help PeopleNobody likes the person in the office who refuses to help her coworker. Try to say yes and help people as often as you can without sacrificing too much of your own work or time. It’s a great way to gain and express loyalty.5. Don’t be ObnoxiousDon’t be the loud one everyone cranes their necks out of their cubicles to glare at. Don’t bring in stinky lunches and microwave their stench thro ughout the office. Don’t talk over people or shut down their ideas without listening. In short, don’t be a jerk. This simple strategy will actually make the rest surprisingly easy.6. ParticipateIf a group of your coworkers is standing around making small talk, join in! If there’s a birthday card in circulation or a joint gift to go in on, get involved! Just as you wouldn’t want to turn down opportunities to build your professional network, don’t turn down opportunities to make friends. Happy hour? Yes please.7. Don’t be NegativeCursing and complaining can be alienating at best, and a huge turn off at worst. Try to stay composed and positive. Be the person people look to when they need a dose of the bright side, not someone people avoid when they’re not feeling up to snuff.8. Set BoundariesMaking friends with your coworkers does not mean inviting them to be your bosom buddies right away. Don’t feel the need to invite people to y our home or family functions too soon. That can wait until you’ve developed a true intimacy. Keep it light and social at first.9. Resolve ConflictsDon’t let arguments or resentments simmer and fester underneath your relationships. Remember, you can’t just leave your quibbles at home- these friends are people you also have to work with. Be super forthright in resolving conflicts as they come up, before they become major issues that might get in the way of work or your relationship.10. Be InclusiveDon’t just cherry pick the people you like most. Sure it’s okay to be closer to the people with whom you have most in common- you don’t have to be everyone’s friend to the same degree. But don’t be the jerk that invites everyone except one or a few people out for drinks on a Friday night. Be inclusive. Choose kindness. Otherwise you might lose friends rather than make more of them.

Compare And Contrast Essay Essay Example

Compare And Contrast Essay Essay Example Compare And Contrast Essay Essay Compare And Contrast Essay Essay Harry was only a baby when his parents, ill and James Potter, w re killed in front of him by Voltmeter. On that night, Voltmeter didnt only make him an rope an but also a famous wizard, for Voltmeter tried to kill him as well and failed leaving him w tit only a lightning bolt scar on his forehead. Dorado, on the other hand, grew up in a FAA mill of Death Eaters, followers Of Voltmeter. Since his father, Luscious Mallory, was a Death E eaters, he had no choice but to follow in his footsteps and join Voltmeters side. Even though Harry and Dorado are from rich purebloods families, they grew up differently. Being an orphan, Harry was put in the custody of his Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon, who hated IM and his parents for being wizards. Harry grew up as a servant for his ann. t and uncle, never knowing that he was a wizard. He never had a parent figure in his life until M Loll Wesley mothered him and Tumbledown, Headmaster of Hogwashs, put him under his wing. While Harry had no mother, Dorado had an overbearing but loving mother, Narcosis Mallory Luscious and Narcosis believed in pure blood lines and hated anyone who wasnt a purebloods Odd, thus engraving the same beliefs onto Dorado. Since having utterly different childhoods, Harry and Dramas personalities are i complete contrast. At Hogwashs, students get placed into one of the four ho sees based on their traits. Harry was placed into Gratifying, which represents bravery and courage e, and Dorado was placed into Slithering, which represents power and accelerations. Harry Pop utter showed courage by never backing down from Voltmeter and always putting others ah dead of himself. Dorado, on the other hand, only cared about himself and being better than eve Rooney else. Through his Hogwashs school years, Dorado was nothing but a bully who always needed his two idiotic henchmen, Crabber and Golly, to back him up and his fathers money and pop were to cower behind. Harry and Dorado also have different sets of standards that they follow. Harry doesnt believe in pure blood lines and thinks those born with magical abilities in mug glee families deserve it just as much as purebloods. He also always thought highly of his FAA there but when he found out his father was a bully in school, he was appalled. When Harry found d out how much money he had in his parents vault at Gringos, he didnt flaunt it or make him self superior to everyone because of it. He also didnt buy his way into the position of seeker on the Acquitted team and instead got it on sheer talent. Unlike Dorado, who bought his way on to the Acquitted team with his fathers money. He craves to be the best and since Potter is see n as a great wizard he tries to ridicule Harry into a laughing stock. Dorado also has a strong hatred for mudflows and those of the poorer hazarding families. When he finally becomes a Death Eater, he sees himself superior to Harry and tries to incite fear in all. Harry Potter and Dorado Mallory are iconic characters in the Harry Potter series. Even though one is brave and the other is selflessness, they are both necessities of the plot line. While Harry was always a good person, Dorado later became one after his year s at Hogwashs and getting away from the Death Eaters.

Small Business Program and Source Selection Plans Research Paper

Small Business Program and Source Selection Plans - Research Paper Example As a government Contracting Officer, the programs are qualified for small business through a particular criteria and size standard. This program is not dominant on its operational fields although there are various influences on the national business activities also some business interest primarily engaged in small business (Byrd and Megginson, 2013). This perspective determines the dominance of the projects in consideration to the market volumes and the number of employees and achieved since the business contractors have the ownership of control material and the nature of the business activities. The Small Business Program today has grown significantly, due to the history since the foundation of the program. For example, in the year 1958, The Investment Company Act developed Small Business Investment Company program that regulated and assisted in providing funds for privately own businesses and for the operated venture capital investment firms. Additionally, the program also speciali zed in providing long-term debts and equity investment to small businesses. Thereafter, the Small business Act was used to develop the Equal Opportunity Loan Program that lessened credit and collateral requirement for applicants for the poor people in order to encourage new innovative small businesses that had been unable to attract financial support. Presently, the programs have extended its support to small businesses in management assistance, government contract procurement backing, and a specialized reach to the women and other minority groups (Hillstrom, & Hillstrom, 2002). Evaluate the small business set-aside program concerning the eligibility to participate Primarily, the program provides support to small businesses so the requirements for eligibility are mostly based on the aspects of the business, most importantly; they are based on what the business does to acquire their income, where the business operates, and lastly the character of its ownership. However, there are som e universal requirements that the program needs to be eligible for assistance. First, the business should be a small in America as prescribed by the SBA and should be operating for profits, as a result, it should have reasonable invested equity. Secondly, the business should have the capability of demonstrating that they need the support, and present a reasonable business purpose. Thirdly, the business should not have any existing debt to the American government; also use other alternatives such as personal assets before seeking assistance from the program (Byrd and Megginson, 2013). The small businesses programs focus on eligibility of businesses to participate, and the encouragement of small domestic business to join in national research that has commercialization potential. Since the program is competitive, the program ensures that individuals in small businesses have the ability to participate in different possible activities, and this provides enticement of profits from commerc ialization. These Small business programs are diverse and target different succeeding innovative businesses, for example in technology sector. However, the risk and expense of conducting the product results are usually beyond the means of various small businesses (Swift & Booker, 2003). Through reservation of several factors of federal funds and government contrac

Marx's critique of capitalism is based on his theory of history Essay

Marx's critique of capitalism is based on his theory of history politics and alienation - Essay Example There are many of his works which seemed to be revealed as a result of his reactions on the growth of new areas of political economy, which is helped by the laissez-faire theories of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Thomas Malthus. These theories intimated the extension of precisely the features of capitalism that was most defective in the views of Marx. Therefore his critique begins from attacks on the satisfactory liberal bases analysis of capitalism to the very intricate analyses of economics and also of leading theorists. (Marx's critique of capitalism) Marxism is not a single theory but is found as a cluster of a few similar related theories. There is an alternate way of how the Marxist theory of history is called. (Karl Marx: Wikipedia) It is the historical materialism which is found on the views of Marx on people and what people fundamentally are. Marx's theory of history originated from the thought that the way of society rise and fall and it further interferes in the development of human productive power. (Karl Marx: Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy) There is a common liberal belief that every individual gets the liberty to enter into all economic adaptations by ways of an equally beneficial contract. When Marx reacted to this, he remarked that "men enter into definite relations that are indispensable and independent of their will, relations of production". (Marx's critique of capitalism) Marx's perception about this historical process is that it is a procedure through which the required series of ways of production rise to its highest point in communism. (Karl Marx: Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy) Max's analysis of history is focused on the differences that he saw between production relationships and the means/forces of production, such as technology, land, natural resources, which are essential for the production of natural goods. In other words it is the relationship that people enter into between their social and technical related matters while using the means of production. (Karl Marx: Wikipedia) It was the belief of Marx that any phase of history which is based on an exploitative economic order sow's the seeds for its own ruin. (Conflict Theory) It was under the observation of Marx that any particular society changes its methods of production, and he also observed that the European society grew from a feudal mode of production to a capitalist mode of production. On the whole Marx believed that production changes more swiftly than the relations of production. For example, first the technology of say, Internet was being developed and only then was the laws that are relating to the technology were developed. Marx found this mismatch between this social construction and economic fundamentals as a primary source of social disorder and clash. (Karl Marx: Wikipedia) It was Marx's view that it is through this economic fundamentals that the social and political conflicts take their roots, and hence the political theory should confine itself with the modes of production than getting i nto abstract thoughts such as liberty and justice. Hence it is found that Marx's major concern was on the structure of capitalism, which he found as the

Social Media and Television Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Media and Television - Research Paper Example The same have become very useful in communication. Meetings of high orders have been held in Facebook and LinkedIn; many scholarly materials in video or print form are being shared on these sites, and many great ideas are being exchanged on the very web pages. It is on these web sites that modern technology is met. These include the advertisements of new products in the market, new job opportunities, the next big event in a field or region regarding a group, weddings, church based meetings and many more. The engagement levels in the social media automatically outwit the controlled engagement on the traditional TV programs, which are not interactive at all. Instead of watching a performer on TV, young and informed people would prefer watching the same performer on YouTube and get responses from other friends about the music or the talk being watched (Silverman, 156). At the same time, the computers and smart phones are enabling the viewers to multi task by engaging many chat options a nd reaching a vast majority instantly. Thus, the social media and its encroachment into the TV and communication world had to be handled with care to engage the usefulness while spending time proportionally. It is on this line of argument that the managers of the TV stations and inventors of programs borrowed the idea of incorporating social media into the TV news programs and other interesting programs whether they are educative, entertaining, or just informative. Literature review During this year-2013, concerns have risen on how to incorporate as many social media into the TV programs. An initiative was started whose intention was to make TV shows more interactive and appealing to the social media users in an... The paper talks about that social media are not old in the technology arena, yet it has overtaken very many traditional programs and systems, which do not use technology of the modern time. Computers have developed so drastically that within a very short span one can barely survive without the aid of computers. It is through these computers based, and Internet enabled programs that the analogue world is nearly literally shaken off the market. Television programs have always been aired, and people have watched them with diligence and pathos. News anchors and news reporters have always presented their programs using the analogue systems without any heaviness of the heart since there was no option. On the contrary, no news anchor would be comfortable with the systems used just some ten or so years ago especially in the developed world. According to the paper the use of social media in TV programs is acceptably good idea. It has attracted many viewers back to TV watching, and as has been pointed out in the literature review above, a vast majority will watch TV programs if they are captivating and more involving as compared to one in which the viewer is only a recipient of the messages. Nevertheless, there are a few issues associated with the concept of Social TV, which need to be addressed, or at least viewers be made aware of them since they have impacts upon the viewers. One of the issues is the dependency on TV programs for consolation, companionship and comfort through the process commonly referred to as Social Surrogacy Hypothesis. Trere is an analysis of social media which has gone deep into the TV programs and it is been used to promote the programs. The social media has changed the mode of presentation of programs on TVs and has brought many changes to the TV program researches. Based on the awareness that viewers will respond to the programs live, the editors have taken their work more seriously, and no shoddy work is presented.

Marketing, Advertising and Public Relations Practice Essay

Marketing, Advertising and Public Relations Practice - Essay Example However, Boyd and Fales (1983), defined reflective practice as being the general process of exploring and internally examining a particular issue of concern, this process is usually seen to be triggered by an experience that results in one seeking to attempt and clarify new meaning to self and thereafter changing their own conceptual perspective. Some of my Strength and Weaknesses that would Appeal / not Appeal to a Potential Employer Based on My work This Semester During my studies this semester, I had the pleasure of discovering and developing a set of new attributes that will prove to be of innumerable benefit to my work life and would be quite appealing to a potential employer. Some of these benefits include: My Innate Ability to work under intense pressure while requiring little to almost no Supervision During my studies this semester, I found that I was able to sufficiently work on my own self without having any supervision. This ability came to the fore when circumstances nece ssitated that I spend a considerable amount of time away from school. I was worried about some upcoming examinations and took it upon myself to ensure that I sufficiently studied and performed a number of various exercises that would help me to perform well in the examination. Upon returning to school, I was able to write my paper very well and post very good results. This ability could prove very useful to my employers as I would be able to effectively perform my work duties without requiring any supervision. My ability to keep a level head while facing intense work pressure would also be of benefit to any employer (Greene, 2012). My Leadership Skills Growing up in a midsized family with a number of siblings, I have always had ample opportunity to gradually develop my leadership skills. This skills have further been honed as a result of my engagement in a number of club activities where I have been elected to several leadership positions. I have also had the opportunity of being in volved in a number of academic group works that have required me to rally and encourage my team members towards striving to complete our assigns. I have always been able to effectively do this resulting in very good results. As such I feel that my leadership skills would prove to be an invaluable asset to any potential employer (2008). My Time Management Skills and Punctual Nature I have always been very punctual since my early childhood after I chanced to learn the values that are found to commonly be associated with punctuality the hard way. During my early childhood, I used to frequently exhibit signs of tardiness, this used to land me into a lot of trouble but despite my parents encouraging me to rectify this negative attribute before it got out of hand, I did not try to correct it. However, when I was nearly 10 years of age and schools were almost closing for the Christmas break, the accumulated number of days I had been late for school as a result of missing the bus caused me to receive poor comments from my teacher who attributed this aspect of my being to my low grades. On receiving my report card, my disappointed parents grounded me for the entire holiday and did not buy me the Christmas gift of a bicycle that I had for long been eying. Meanwhile my other siblings received

UNIT 3 INDIVIDUAL PROJECT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

UNIT 3 INDIVIDUAL PROJECT - Essay Example er the treatment as directed by the physician as she is believed to be working under him and if there was any concern to be raised, it should have been directed to the physician and not discuss it with the patient. The nurse’s conduct could be justified under the patient advocate portion as she is believed to have been concerned with the patient views on the treatment. On the other hand, her conduct might not really be justified since she interfered with the patient-physician relationship when she discussed about alternative treatment with the patient without the physician knowledge. The physician while attending to the patient just gave her only one alternative treatment for leukemia and did not mention other alternatives like reflexology and the use of laetrile. Even though these alternative treatments have not been sanctioned by the medical community, they ought to have been discussed by the physician to the patient before he settles on giving him the chemotherapy treatment. All medical practitioners are legally and ethically obliged that they should ensure that before they settle in a particular treatment, they should have given adequate informed healthcare decisions to the patient together with a valid consent on the treatment. All the alternative treatment should include the risks and benefits in order for the patient to make an informed decision on the treatment. (Kerridge and McPhee, 2004) when the patient ask question on the alternative medicine but should be discussed every time the medical practitioner is discussing about CAM as the knowledge might be of significant to the patients. (Adams, Cohen, Eisenberg and Jonsen, 2003) It is immaterial that the patient made a decision to take chemotherapy treatment because her son had advised her on the treatment. For that case, the physician ought to have taken the responsibility of advising the patient accordingly on the alternative treatment for leukemia even though they had not been approved by the

Math Tidal Flows project Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Math Tidal Flows - Statistics Project Example Member1: Day 4, Member2: Day 6, Member3: Day 8, Member4: Day 10 The water flow is increasing from Day 1 to Day 14. There is no day when the flow is less than from the previous day. So we can say that all the time periods from day 1 to day 14 the rate at which the water is flowing is increasing. 7. Your group’s client is considering building a small hydroelectric plant near the mouth of the river. For the project to be feasible, the plant needs to be able to operate at full capacity at least 70% of the time and at reduced capacity at least another 15% of the time. To operate at full capacity, a flow rate of at least 200 million gallons per day is required. However, if the flow rate rises above 400 million gallons per day, the equipment is stressed, and the plant must close down. If the flow rate is too small for full capacity operation, the plant can still operate at reduced capacity as long as the flow rate remains above 125 million gallons per day. We can see from the above results that water flow is increasing day by day. The minimum flow can be achieved in 4 days to operate at full capacity. Since the flow has no tendency to decrease so it will reach at 400 million gallons in approximately 20 days and after than the plant has to be close down. So it is better to empty the equipment so that the maximum capacity will be near to 400 million gallons in order to run this. It is not better to invest in this because we need more resources and equipment to set up this

Marketing, Advertising and Public Relations Practice Essay

Marketing, Advertising and Public Relations Practice - Essay Example However, Boyd and Fales (1983), defined reflective practice as being the general process of exploring and internally examining a particular issue of concern, this process is usually seen to be triggered by an experience that results in one seeking to attempt and clarify new meaning to self and thereafter changing their own conceptual perspective. Some of my Strength and Weaknesses that would Appeal / not Appeal to a Potential Employer Based on My work This Semester During my studies this semester, I had the pleasure of discovering and developing a set of new attributes that will prove to be of innumerable benefit to my work life and would be quite appealing to a potential employer. Some of these benefits include: My Innate Ability to work under intense pressure while requiring little to almost no Supervision During my studies this semester, I found that I was able to sufficiently work on my own self without having any supervision. This ability came to the fore when circumstances nece ssitated that I spend a considerable amount of time away from school. I was worried about some upcoming examinations and took it upon myself to ensure that I sufficiently studied and performed a number of various exercises that would help me to perform well in the examination. Upon returning to school, I was able to write my paper very well and post very good results. This ability could prove very useful to my employers as I would be able to effectively perform my work duties without requiring any supervision. My ability to keep a level head while facing intense work pressure would also be of benefit to any employer (Greene, 2012). My Leadership Skills Growing up in a midsized family with a number of siblings, I have always had ample opportunity to gradually develop my leadership skills. This skills have further been honed as a result of my engagement in a number of club activities where I have been elected to several leadership positions. I have also had the opportunity of being in volved in a number of academic group works that have required me to rally and encourage my team members towards striving to complete our assigns. I have always been able to effectively do this resulting in very good results. As such I feel that my leadership skills would prove to be an invaluable asset to any potential employer (2008). My Time Management Skills and Punctual Nature I have always been very punctual since my early childhood after I chanced to learn the values that are found to commonly be associated with punctuality the hard way. During my early childhood, I used to frequently exhibit signs of tardiness, this used to land me into a lot of trouble but despite my parents encouraging me to rectify this negative attribute before it got out of hand, I did not try to correct it. However, when I was nearly 10 years of age and schools were almost closing for the Christmas break, the accumulated number of days I had been late for school as a result of missing the bus caused me to receive poor comments from my teacher who attributed this aspect of my being to my low grades. On receiving my report card, my disappointed parents grounded me for the entire holiday and did not buy me the Christmas gift of a bicycle that I had for long been eying. Meanwhile my other siblings received

Math Tidal Flows project Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Math Tidal Flows - Statistics Project Example Member1: Day 4, Member2: Day 6, Member3: Day 8, Member4: Day 10 The water flow is increasing from Day 1 to Day 14. There is no day when the flow is less than from the previous day. So we can say that all the time periods from day 1 to day 14 the rate at which the water is flowing is increasing. 7. Your group’s client is considering building a small hydroelectric plant near the mouth of the river. For the project to be feasible, the plant needs to be able to operate at full capacity at least 70% of the time and at reduced capacity at least another 15% of the time. To operate at full capacity, a flow rate of at least 200 million gallons per day is required. However, if the flow rate rises above 400 million gallons per day, the equipment is stressed, and the plant must close down. If the flow rate is too small for full capacity operation, the plant can still operate at reduced capacity as long as the flow rate remains above 125 million gallons per day. We can see from the above results that water flow is increasing day by day. The minimum flow can be achieved in 4 days to operate at full capacity. Since the flow has no tendency to decrease so it will reach at 400 million gallons in approximately 20 days and after than the plant has to be close down. So it is better to empty the equipment so that the maximum capacity will be near to 400 million gallons in order to run this. It is not better to invest in this because we need more resources and equipment to set up this

The Missing Melody Essay Example for Free

The Missing Melody Essay I woke up in the middle of the night with a sweat all over my face. â€Å"Oh, it is such a horrible nightmare I had.† I said to myself. I lighted the candle in my room; the small frame gave me a warmer atmosphere; so I felt a lot better. I tried to continue my sleeping but I had a strong sense that there is something wrong. And what made me frighten until my heart beat faster was my sense is never lie to the reality. Nevertheless, I felt asleep again with my doubtful mind. Three hours later, the phone rang. It is irregularly for receiving a call, especially in the morning. A widow and owner of a small farmhouse like me did not give away my home number to many people. I was hesitating, but deep down I knew that the call needed to be pick up, so I did. Unexpectedly, the man’s voice introduced himself as a police from investigation department. I needed to prepare myself for their arrival at my estate; they wanted to ask me a few questions about the mysterious murder which happened to my closest neighborhood. I was shocked and almost got paralysis. I got dress and went down stair to prepare myself for the coming investigation. Instead of sitting down and wait, I walked up and down around my living room. I got even more frighten to know that bad thing did really happen and it involved me. I could not think of the sane reason which made anyone of The Hays got murder, they are such a lovely couple. The husband was the owner and worked in the farm while the wife took care of entire domestic matters. What a brutal person could do this to them, I thought. Then the knocking on my door interrupted my thought. They came to me because I was the only neighbor of the dead man, Mr. Hay. I told them honestly that I stayed inside all night and I did not hear anything weird. I felt so much pity for Sandy; she was a gorgeous singer in town before she became Mrs. Hay. Then they asked me to go to the Hays’ place to get some clothes for Sandy, she was in the police station. I really wanted to do the b est thing I can to help a nice and generous lady from her miseries. So they took me inside their house and up stair to their bedroom. The house seemed so usual and peaceful. A peaceful in a murder place, I might have gone mad. They told me that they had nothing to do in this place and wanted to see the plant grower of this farm for more investigation, because they could not find any evidence or suspect in this place. So they left me alone in order to select the appropriate cloths for poor Sandy. I opened the white wardrobe with a sweet decoration, and grabbed things that I hope to be useful for Sandy. I knew that she would be depressed after confronted this kind of situation, so I continued to look for something that would be meaningful to her to help her feel better somehow. I glance my eyes over, and surprisingly I found what I intended. I knew that in a women’s wardrobe, there was a secret drawer that men never realize. So I open it with great hope to find some precious gift that Sandy kept. I found a wooden box, with beautiful carve. I was sure Sandy would be glad to see this present from Mr. Hay right now. However, I sense that I did not want the police to see this precious box, because I wanted to surprise Sandy. Then I rushed, gathered all Sandy would need, but the box fell down on the floor. I put my hands on my mouth, so I would not scream so loud to the police’s ears. What I saw on the floor, another unexpectedly, is a spring green beautiful feather of bird. Then I heard the police’s footstep coming, therefore I kept the feather in my pocket rapidly. I went to the police station with them. Along the way, I only spend my time consider of how would the feather become a precious object for Sandy. The police ask me about Sandy’s motivation to commit murder, and I absolutely answer that Sandy is too fragile to do thing like that. When we arrived, I hurried to meet Sandy. Suddenly, I saw the most lament girl in the world. Sandy was wearing a shabby housewife dress and her very long hair was tangled. She was sitting with her face down and did not even move. The police told me that she hardly said a word since her husband died. They begged me to talk to Sandy in order to find more clues. Left alone just two of us, I told Sandy that I brought her some clothes she may need. She thanked me. I held her in my arms and brought her the feather. Just seeing this, she cried loudly, and I was a little bit shocked. She thanked me again and again with the tear on her face. â€Å"Though, I don’t understand the whole story, I’ll take you out of this place. Remember Sandy, just keep saying that you did not see or hear anything that night.† Sandy held me even tighter; I sense the women’s bond in every drop of my blood. â€Å"I will tell you everything after we left this place†, Sandy said to me. Although Sandy answered all of their questions, but no clues were found. They cannot arrest her in charge of murderer because they found no evidence to do so. After the investigation, I offered to taking care of Sandy at my place, and the police could not deny my assistance. Actually, I knew that Sandy is a murderer, but I insisted to help her because this is the right thing to do. I knew her enough, even more than her husband did. I knew exactly what I was doing, helping the murderer from punishment. I asked her how he died; Sandy answered with emotionless face that â€Å"After working in the farm, he was very tired and went to deep sleep. My long braided hair took his breath just like he did with the rope around my bird’s neck.† She told me that Mr. Hay would beat her if she sings; he hated what she loves the most. Then she got this bird from a plant grower as a birthday present. Since that day, Charice: the bird kept making pretty melodies instead of her wonderful voice. Sandy could not stand to let the mad who destroy her only happiness live. The woman bond between suffering woman is the strongest than trammel. The woman is fragile; seem to have no power but, if she is cornered, she can do anything that no one can imagine. I saved her because I was saved once in the same situation as well.

Impact of Economics in Political and Social Change

Impact of Economics in Political and Social Change Please use the following three reasons to explain why economics is the most important factor in the globalisation process that has been used in relation to a host of social, economic, cultural and political factors. The impact of economic globalisation in the form of the international division of labour (growth of industry in China, India, etc and the deindustrialization of sections of the so-called developed societies). Moreover, the significance of migrant labour. The relative size and importance of MNCs as economic agents (as compared with nation states). Point to the centrality of economic matters in the relations between governments, to the importance of the growth of the cultural economy in relation to cultural globalisation. 1. In a world without an international division of labour, each individual state would have to provide itself with all its needs. It would need to grow every fruit, herb, cereal and vegetable; to rear its own animals; to manufacture its own products; to extract all its own minerals and energy; to provide all its own financial, domestic and professional services; to engage in its own research, exchanging ideas only among its own academics and developing only those new products designed exclusively within its own borders; and of course it would have to train a labour-force capable of sustaining these multifarious tasks. Even the U.S., bountiful in natural resources and with an educated labour force, would struggle to do this. And of course there is no need to. The very same logic underpinning the domestic division of labour – saving labour by sharing divisible tasks among specialists – provides an argument in favour of extending that division internationally. Ideally thos e states with endless acres of pampas (Argentina) would provide the world’s meat; those with plenty of spare ground would farm for vegetables, flowers, fruit (Zambia); those highly educated (the U.S., Scandinavia) would do the research; and those densely populated and not as highly educated would provide the industry (China, India). This is ‘ideal’ from the perspective of efficient production; and only for now: there is no reason (from the point of view of efficiency) why China should not in time overtake the U.S. as the world’s research base, forcing Americans into the factories. We are moving towards this ideal, but there seem to be two main reasons why it has not been reached. Firstly, in spite of their avowed commitment to free trade and their exhortations to developing countries to open their markets, Western nations have been reluctant to cede total management of their domestic economies to the global market. This is because their constituents wish t o retain traditional industries; hence the protectionist rows over the C.A.P. in Europe (particularly in the traditionally agricultural states of France and Ireland) and over cotton and steel in the U.S. Consequently the international ‘division’ is neither efficient nor equitable. Secondly, a fair international division of labour would entail rather different prices for goods, for example food, energy and research and development. This is contrary to the interest of those currently benefiting most from the international economy, the Western states. So we have a qualified international division of labour. But even so, the extraordinary importance of several developing nations is beginning to be felt. China, India and Brazil now account for a significant share of international trade, and consequently wield increasing influence in international trade negotiations and supranational organisations (e.g. WTO, WB, IMF). 2. It is well known that the turnovers of many multinational corporations are larger than the GDPs of many developing nations. Of the top 100 economies in the world, roughly half are corporations. Wal-Mart is bigger than 161 states, including Israel, Poland and Greece. Mitsubishi is larger than Indonesia; General Motors than Denmark; Toyota than Norway. Hyperglobalists such as Ohmae (Held, 1999) argue that we are witnessing the restructuring of the international system from the Westphalian system in which states were rule makers to a post-Westphalian era in which states are frequently rule takers. In this new era not just states but MNCs as well as sub-, trans- and supra-state actors increasingly determine the outcome of international relations. Thus Ruggie has argued that there has been an ‘unbundling’ of the relation between sovereignty, territoriality and state power (1998). Sceptics such as Hirst and Thompson, however, deny such heady claims (Held 1999) . They argue that states are the architects of globalisation, and its chief beneficiaries. They point to the ability of even developing nations such as China to manage information flows into their country (c.f. deal with Google to censor web-searches), and such as Bolivia to renationalise private international energy firms (in favour of the state-owned Yacimientos Petrolà ­feros Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB)). Moreover most putatively ‘multinational’ corporations are strongly rooted in their home state. Most corporations invest heavily in their national market, maintain almost exclusively national board members, are subject to mainly national legislation and in the case of financial crisis are often saved by their national governments.[1] Even those corporations that do conduct the majority of their operations internationally are generally managed from home; in 1992 for example, Nestle conducted 92% of its trade internationally but limited nonSwiss voting rights to 3% of the total.[2] In short, sceptics argue that although large, MNCs are not unruly: they are the creatures of their national governments. The truth seems to lie somewhere in between. Held has argued for a ‘transformationalist’ account of the relationship between MNCs and states, which recognises the novelty of the international system without denying that the new arrangement is still state-centred (1999). On this view, MNCs do have new authority and power issuing from their relation to new international networks and their increasing hard power, but they are nevertheless answerable to elected governmental control. 3. To coincide with Tony Blair’s visit to New Delhi, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh unveiled a  £1.2bn India Airlines order for 43 Airbus jets.[3] Such is a very common phenomenon, and not only confirms the thoughts above but shows the symbolic significance of healthy economic relations between states. Scholars point to the significance of two sources of power in international relations. ‘Hard power’ is the ability to coerce others to bring about your preferred outcomes by means of military or economic threats or rewards (Nye 2005). Realists argue that international relations are determined by the distribution of hard power resources, which ‘balances’ the various international actors’ expectations (Nye 2005). In this era, with both nuclear weapons and increasingly significant global pacifistic norms, the importance of military power is waning. Economic force now trumps military force in hard power efficacy. But, as suggested, normative resources are increasingly significant. ‘Soft power’ is the ability to realise preferred outcomes by getting others to want what you want; to co-opt rather than coerce (Nye 2005). A state’s interests will be more attractive if the national culture is perceived to be benign. Until the Iraq War, for example, the norms and culture of the U.S. – liberty, democracy and equality – were held in sufficiently high international regard to sanction a number of controversial U.S. foreign policies. Since the perceived injustices in that conflict U.S. negotiating power has diminished. From this we can extract two points. Firstly it is clear that even the U.S.’s overwhelming military predominance cannot ensure its preferred international outcomes. Secondly international normative interdependence ensures that soft power –perceivedly benign intent – and hence the content of a state’s culture increasingly determines the effectiveness of th at state’s international ambitions. Bibliography Held, D., 1999. Global Transformations. London: Polity Press. Nye, J., 2005. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. London: Public Affairs. Morgenthau, H., 1992, Politics Among Nations. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing. Ruggie, J.G., 1998. Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalisation. New York: Routledge. Waltz, K., 1979, Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing. 1 [1] Information from http://www.rcgfrfi.easynet.co.uk/marxism/articles/glob131.htm. Accessed 07 August 2006. [2] Ibid. [3] Information from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4221678.stm. Accessed 07 August 2006.

Christian & Pagan Influences :: Essays Papers

Christian & Pagan Influences There are Christian influences in the episode of "Grendel's Mother's attack." Primarily, the Christian influence is seen Norton text(43): Grendel's mother, woman, monster-wife, was mindful of her misery, she who had to dwell in the terrible water, the cold currents, after Cain became sword-slayer of his only brother, his father's own son. Then Cain went as an outlaw to flee the cheerful life of men, marked for his murder, held to the wasteland. From him sprang many a devil sent by fate. Grendel was one of them, hateful outcast who at Herot found a waking man waiting his warfare. There a monster had laid hold upon him...Then he went off wretched, bereft of joy, to seek his dying place, enemy of mankind. And his mother, still greedy and gallows-grin, would go on a sorrowful venture, avenge her son's death". Grendel is the spawn of the greatest sin in the Anglo-Saxon era -- fratricide. Fratricide is the slaying of one's own brother. Cain was cursed by God, forced to have hardship in tilling the soil and was given a mark on his head. God's wrath would not allow Cain to abandon his sin, by death, and his curse carried on throughout the life of mankind. To read the complete story of Cain and his brother Abel, click here The sin of fratricide did not only mean blood-related family, but applied to the murder of kinsmen. This portion of the Norton text deals with Beowulf and his root to God's grace: ...but he was mindful of the great strength, the large gift God had given him and relied on the Almighty for favor, comfort and help. By that he overcame the foe, subdued the hell-spirit. This quotation provides a sense of Christian values and shows the hero's dependency on God. According to the poet, Beowulf realizes that his strength comes from the Almighty rather than from his own merit. Beowulf is shown as a brave warrior.

No-calorie Powder May Substitute For Foods Fat :: essays research papers

No-Calorie Powder May Substitute for Food's Fat George E. Inglett of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Biopolymer Research Unit in Peoria III invented a no-calorie fat substitute called Z-Trim. It is a mix of crushed fibers made from the hulls of grains. It can replace the fat and some of the carbohydrates in foods such as chocolates, brownies, cheese, and ground beef. He spent three years trying to perfect Z-Trim to be smooth because he made it out of tough hulls of corn, oats, and rice. He first crushed the hulls with a solution of hydrogen peroxide. He washed the peroxide off in centrifuge. After this step it was still too large, so he put the pieces back through the first step of the hydrogen peroxide and the centrifuge. That made it smooth. Now, it is a fine, white cellulose powder that can be made into a gel by adding water. Inglett also developed Oatrim. This is made up of a digestible fiber from oat flour that provides four calories per gram. Z-Trim compared to another fat substitute, olestra, is different. Olestra can cause gastrointestinal distress and take vitamins and carotenoids out of the body. The new substitute does not have those affects. Inglett says that you should eat more of the kind of fibers that make up Z-Trim to reduce the chances of getting intestinal disorders. But there are some people who argue with Inglett's theory on his new substitute. "I wouldn't expect Z-Trim to have the same kinds of problems as olestra," says Margo Wootan, a senior scientist at the Center for Science in the Public Interest in Washington, D.C. "Fiber is already found in our diet, while olestra is a synthetic chemical. There is also concern for the "microbial stability" of foods containing Z-Trim. "Whenever you remove the lipid material and replace it with water," says Thomas H.

Deterioration of a Relationship Essay

Throughout the play, we can see the titular character’s, Juno Boyle and Jack Boyle, relationship deteriorate , and how dramatic events in their lives and the lives of their children, Johnny and Mary, cause the entire family to collapse. The play is set closely following the signing of the treaty dividing Ireland into sections and features the resulting conflict between the diehards who want a united, free Ireland, and the free-staters, who support the treaty, with this conflict representing the clash of fanatical nationalism and practicality, of idealism and a recognition that what the people truly wanted was peace. The play also explores some of the relevant ideas of the time, including the poverty of the working class in Dublin in the 1920‘s, and how this poverty affected the communities that lived within the tenements of Dublin at this time. In the first act we see a great deal of conflict between Juno and Boyle. The root of this conflict lies in Boyles inability to accept responsibility for supporting his family, as he refuses to seek work and spends his days drinking with his manipulative, scrounging friend Joxer. Juno is forced to act as wife, mother and sole source of income for the family, the prime motivation for this character being to keep her ragged family unit together â€Å"Who has kep th’ home together for the past few years – only me† This introduces us very early on to the theme of poverty in the play. The tension in the relationship is directly linked to poverty throughout the play, Boyle’s lack of responsibility causing conflict between him and Juno when their financial situation is bad. â€Å"Your poor wife slavin to keep the bit in your mouth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We can see O’Casey present both the positive and negative aspects he perceives in poverty. We see him contrast the strength and ability that destitution can invoke through the character of Juno, and the pettiness and selfishness that only serves to further the poverty and drive apart the sense of community that collective poverty can create through the character of Boyle. However, the converse of this is also true. When, in the second act, the Boyles become apparently more affluent, we can see a greater degree of affection come to the fore of the relationship. The windfall of the will causes Juno to treat Boyle less as a child who must be nagged and scolded to perform any useful, or at least less detrimental, role in the family she holds so dear, and more as the head of his family, a role she previously fulfilled. This change in attitude is regarded by Boyle as him merely him finally getting the respect he believes he deserves. â€Å"I’m masther now, an’ I’m goin to remain masther† This period of happiness is quickly dispelled when it is revealed that Boyle has deceived the family, allowing them to continue to spend money that he knows they do not have and are never going to get. This demonstrates to us his inability to accept any form of responsibility and signals the end of the period of good luck for the Boyles and the culmination of the intertwining storylines of the play. In the third act the affection that marks Boyle and Juno’s relationship I the second act is dispelled entirely, only to be replaced by bitter conflict and the eventual dissolution of their entire family. Throughout the play, Juno’s main purpose is to support and hold together her family but in this final act all her efforts are worthless as the actions and attitudes of the other members of her family and those around them drag the family incontrovertibly apart. The first factor in this dissolution is Mary’s pregnancy. This in itself would have a bad effect on the family, with another family member to feed, clothe and house placing further strain on their finances, but it is Johnny and Boyle’s attitude to this pregnancy that does the most damage. She should be dhriven from the house she’s brought so much shame upon† Instead of trying to support his daughter through this difficult and emotionally strained situation, he instead seeks to drive her from the house and from the family. This anger’s Juno, and leads her to threaten Boyle that if Mary leaves the family then Juno will follow her, as he is attempting to destroy that which she holds to be the most valuable thing, her family, purely in order to protect his own reputation However, the final thing that convinces Juno the family is irreparably torn apart is Johnny’s death at the hands of his former comrades. This cements Juno’s decision to leave, she feel’s justified in leaving with Mary in order to help her raise her child (abortion not being an option at this time in such a heavily catholic country) as she is the only part of her family that is salvageable, with Johnny dead and her convinced that Boyle is beyond salvation. â€Å"Let your father furrage for himself now; I’ve done all I could an’ it was all no use – he’ll be hopeless till the end of his days. This is the final collapse of the relationship, and we see the final outcome of it. Boyle is left unchanged, as the closing scene of the play showing him sitting drunk with Joxer, oblivious to all the dramatic changes in his life,. Juno, on the other hand, is resolute in her changes, she has finally been given the strength to leave Boyle behind and move on, she is able to recognise him for what he is, not a child, as she appears to view him in act one, because a child has promise of maturing, but as a waster who will never change and will never do anything but hold her back.